Impact of Pests on Cereal Grain and Nutrient Yield in Boreal Growing Conditions

The effect of weeds, plant diseases and insect pests on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain and nutrient yield was examined. Long-term field trial data was used to assess the impact of different pests on grain yield. In the absence of pesticides, fungal diseases caused the largest annual yield-reduction in spring wheat and spring barley, 500 kg ha(-1) on average. Converting yield loss to nutrient yield loss this represented reductions of 8.1 and 9.2 kg ha(-1) in nitrogen and 1.5 and 1.6 kg ha(-1) in phosphorus, respectively. Likewise, it was estimated that weeds decrease the yield of spring barley and spring wheat for 200 kg ha(-1), which means reductions of 3.7 and 3.2 kg ha(-1) in nitrogen and 0.6 kg ha(-1) in phosphorus, respectively. For insect pests yield-reduction in spring barley and spring wheat varied between 418 and 745 kg ha(-1) respectively. However, because bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) incidence data was limited, and aphids are highly variable annually, nutrient yield losses caused by insect pests were not included. Based on the current study, the management of weeds, plant diseases and insects maintain cereal crop yield and may thus decrease the environmental risks caused by unutilized nutrients.