Investigating early husbandry strategies in the southern Caucasus: intra-tooth sequential carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Neolithic goats, sheep, and cattle from Göytepe and Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe

•Stable isotope ratios were analyzed for Neolithic livestock in the Caucasus.•We analyzed δ13C and δ18O of intra-tooth sequential enamels of goats, sheep, cattle.•Several different patterns in the seasonal δ13C and δ18O variations were observed.•Vertical transhumance is one of several possible factors for the observed isotopic variations.•A small δ13C amplitude with a large δ18O amplitude may imply the use of fodder.