Examining phenotypic diversity and economic value of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) conserved at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad to support improvement in cocoa yield globally

Morphological characterization of cacao germplasm, conserved at the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad (ICGT), can facilitate global utilization of the rich cacao genetic diversity maintained therein. There are several superior genotypes (primary and enhanced) at the ICGT that combine favourable yield potential, seed size, seed mass and other desirable traits. These genotypes and the diverse cacao collection are at the disposal of the international cocoa community. They can be used to improve cacao planting material to increase production and productivity and, subsequently, the living income generation within rural cocoa communities. This article underscores the value of morphological characterization data and the exploitation of cacao germplasm diversity in the genetic improvement of cacao. It also considers the value of diverse cacao genetic resources in safeguarding the sustainability of the global cocoa and chocolate industry. The results of descriptive statistical analysis, ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis of 1586 characterized cacao accessions demonstrated the considerable phenotypic variation evident in this sample of cacao germplasm. Thirty-two cacao accessions with favourable yield potential, recorded as pod index of 17 or less and other aforementioned useful traits of economic interest, were identified as putatively valuable cultivars and parental types for cacao improvement globally.