Initial time dependence of wind- and density-driven Lagrangian residual velocity in a tide-dominated bay

The nonlinear effect of the summer southeast wind and density on the 3D structures of the full Lagrangian residual velocity (LRV) was quantified for a generally nonlinear system, using Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), China as the test site. In the tidally energetic JZB, the basic patterns of the wind- and density-driven full LRVs were found to be consistent with semi-analytical solutions but highly dependent on initial times. The wind-driven full LRVs at different tidal phases flowed similarly downwind over shoals and upwind in the deep region; however, the main branches could migrate across nearly half of the bay. A density-driven, clockwise flow was dominant in the western inner bay at low tide, but it almost disappeared at high tide. The effect of density generally enhanced the outward flow in the surface layer and inward flow in the bottom layer. Along-trajectory integrated momentum balances indicated that viscosity was the main factor responsible for the time dependence of the wind-driven full LRVs, while viscosity, barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradients were the main drivers of the intra-tidal variations in the density-driven full LRVs. Generally, the summer wind and density had opposing effects, although their influence was weaker than that of the tide and could not change the patterns of the tide-driven full LRVs. When analysing the effects of wind and density on the coastal circulation in JZB, both the 3D structures and the possibility of a high initial tidal phase dependency should be considered.