Nitrogen‐induced acidification, not N‐nutrient, dominates suppressive N effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiosis with most terrestrial plant roots, obtaining photosynthates in return for mineral nutrients. Ecological theories based on the economics of trading partnership predict that nutrient enrichment would suppress AMF. Experimental results from nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions, however, were highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show distinct AMF responses to soil N:P stoichiometry manipulations via gradients of long-term N and P additions in a Mongolian steppe. A complementary experiment with an acid addition gradient was designed to help tease apart the effect of N-induced acidification from N nutrient. AMF root colonization and extraradical fungal biomass progressively decreased along the P gradient under two distinct host plant species, suggesting a carbon (C)-P tradeoff. In contrast, low to moderate N inputs increased both AMF parameters, corresponding to the increasing N:P ratio. Yet, high N inputs reduced AMF colonization and biomass, and the magnitudes of N-led inhibition were similar to those under acid additions that induced comparable changes in soil pH. Structural equation modeling further showed that while soil N:P stoichiometry primarily controlled the effect of P addition on AMF, N-induced soil acidity overtook the N:P stoichiometry under high N inputs and dominated the effects of reactive N on AMF. In addition, AMF community composition in roots was more dependent on host plants and unresponsive to changes in soil nutrients. We further proposed a comprehensive framework that integrates biological and geochemical effects of reactive N and P inputs on AMF. Together, these results indicate that while the C-P tradeoff controls P suppression of AMF, N-induced acidification dominates the N inhibition. Our findings suggest that incorporation of geochemical impacts of N and P inputs would facilitate modeling efforts to project mycorrhizal impact on plant interactions and soil C balance under future nutrient enrichment scenarios.