The Eocene flora of Tatabánya “marl-mine” (N Hungary)

The middle Eocene (Lutetian) fossil plant assemblage from Tatabánya (N Hungary) comprises plant remains preserved mostly as impressions. Remains of angiosperms are represented by Lauraceae ( Laurophyllum div. sp., Daphnogene Unger), Rhamnaceae ( Ziziphus Miller), Malvaceae s.l. ( Byttneriopsis Z.Kvaček et Wilde), Leguminosae, and Palmae, and the occurrence of other families, i.e., Dioscoreaceae, Myrtaceae, Fagaceae, Anacardiaceae, Berberidaceae, Juglandaceae, and Theaceae, is uncertain. The scarcity of gymnosperms is a character similar to the coeval floras of Csordakút (N Hungary) and Girbou in Romania. The presence of Ziziphus ziziphoides (Unger) Weyland, high number of linear shaped leaves with entire margin and coriaceous texture (Lauraceae vel Fagaceae), and small-leaved Leguminosae suggests a “subhumid” character of the vegetation, which is recognisable also in early Palaeogene floras of eastern Central and Southeastern Europe, e.g., the Tard Clay floras in Hungary and floras of Serbia/Macedonia. In contrast, the Eocene floras from Central/Western Europe are indicative of a generally non-xerophytic character, e.g., Staré Sedlo in Bohemia, Messel, Geiseltal, and the Weisselster Basin floras in Germany. A frost-free climate with high mean annual temperatures similar to that estimated for coeval European floras may also be inferred for the Tatabánya flora.