Deep learning assistance increases the detection sensitivity of radiologists for secondary intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Purpose To evaluate whether a deep learning model (DLM) could increase the detection sensitivity of radiologists for intracranial aneurysms on CT angiography (CTA) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods Three different DLMs were trained on CTA datasets of 68 aSAH patients with 79 aneurysms with their outputs being combined applying ensemble learning (DLM-Ens). The DLM-Ens was evaluated on an independent test set of 104 aSAH patients with 126 aneuryms (mean volume 129.2 ± 185.4 mm 3 , 13.0% at the posterior circulation), which were determined by two radiologists and one neurosurgeon in consensus using CTA and digital subtraction angiography scans. CTA scans of the test set were then presented to three blinded radiologists (reader 1: 13, reader 2: 4, and reader 3: 3 years of experience in diagnostic neuroradiology), who assessed them individually for aneurysms. Detection sensitivities for aneurysms of the readers with and without the assistance of the DLM were compared. Results In the test set, the detection sensitivity of the DLM-Ens (85.7%) was comparable to the radiologists (reader 1: 91.2%, reader 2: 86.5%, and reader 3: 86.5%; Fleiss κ of 0.502). DLM-assistance significantly increased the detection sensitivity (reader 1: 97.6%, reader 2: 97.6%,and reader 3: 96.0%; overall P=.024; Fleiss κ of 0.878), especially for secondary aneurysms (88.2% of the additional aneurysms provided by the DLM). Conclusion Deep learning significantly improved the detection sensitivity of radiologists for aneurysms in aSAH, especially for secondary aneurysms. It therefore represents a valuable adjunct for physicians to establish an accurate diagnosis in order to optimize patient treatment.