Resveratrol mitigates pancreatic TF activation and autophagy-mediated beta cell death via inhibition of CXCL16/ox-LDL pathway: A novel protective mechanism against type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice.

The role of CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), tissue factor (TF) and autophagy-induced beta cell death in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pathogenesis is still unclear. We examined the therapeutic potential and mechanism of resveratrol (RES) against T1DM. Diabetes was induced in Balb/c mice by i. p. injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for five consecutive days. The control group received vehicles. RES or (RES + STZ) groups received RES (50 mg/kg, i. p.) daily for 12 days starting from the fourth day of buffer or STZ injections, respectively. Blood glucose, serum insulin, beta cell mass, serum lipid profiles, histological changes, oxidative stress biomarkers were determined. Moreover, CXCL16, TF, ox-LDL, P62 and LC3 tissue expression were also analyzed. Diabetic mice showed a marked deterioration in biochemical, physical and oxidative stress parameters. Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis showed a remarkable elevation in CXCL16 (12 folds), ox-LDL (9 folds), TF (8.3 folds) in pancreatic B-cells. Moreover, western blotting revealed a profound increase in ox-LDL (2.6 folds), TF (3.2 folds), while a significant decline in P62 (0.34) and LC3 (0.25) when compared to control. RES mitigated biochemical, physical, oxidative imbalance and distorted pancreatic architecture in T1DM mice. Intriguingly, CXCL16, ox-LDL, TF and autophagic markers were also restored after RES treatment. Our data give the first direct evidence that beta cell-specific CXCL16/ox-LDL pathway activation is a potential trigger of TF activation and autophagic beta cell death in T1DM. Moreover, RES may have potential therapeutic applications for prevention of T1DM mainly via ameliorating this pathway.