Numerical and laboratory attoclock simulations on noble-gas atoms

We conduct a systematic theoretical study of strong field tunneling ionization of noble-gas atoms, from He to Kr, by elliptically polarized laser pulses in the so-called attoclock setup. Our theoretical model is based on a numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the single active electron approximation. We simulate laboratory measurements utilizing few optical cycle pulses to benchmark our calculations against experiment. We further conduct "numerical attoclock" simulations with short, nearly single-cycle pulses to test various tunneling ionization models. We examine the attoclock offset angles as affected by the target orbital structure and the laser pulse intensity. Finally, we exclude a finite tunneling time scenario and attribute the attoclock offset angle entirely to the Coulomb field of the ion remainder as was recently demonstrated for the hydrogen atom [U. S. Sainadh et al., Nature (London) 568, 75 (2019)].