Modern possibilities of radiological diagnosis of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most severe and common diseases of genitourinary organs. According to WHO statistics, bladder cancer is the tenth in cancer morbidity structure and the 13th in cancer mortality structure in the world. In Russia, bladder cancer is 11th in cancer morbidity structure and 16th in cancer mortality structure. In most cases, bladder cancer is diagnosed at 65–74 years of age. The 5-year survival rate for stage IV bladder cancer is about 15%. Early detection, correct staging, and management of the patient influence the prognosis and further quality of life. This review shows detection and staging methods of bladder cancer, staging categories based on multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging with the use of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS). Illustrations and a brief overview of alternative visualization methods of bladder lesions, and new approaches in assessment of digital medical images, radiomics and radiogenomics, are presented. In the future, these methods should help to determine the biological characteristics of the tumor without taking a biopsy.