Dinosaur Remains From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Desert, Egypt

Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from Afro-Arabia are rare and mainly restricted to pre-Turonian horizons. Consequently, the discovery of new fossils from Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Western Desert, central Egypt is significant because it adds to the meager record of dinosaurs described from this landmass. The oases of Kharga and Dakhla, Western Desert, Egypt, expose the Quseir Formation (Campanian), with the titanosaurian sauropod Mansourasaurus shahinae as the only currently named dinosaur from strata of this age in the entire region. Numerous (similar to 80) other non-avian dinosaur fossils have also been collected from the Quseir Formation, including material that can be referred to Somphospondyli, Titanosauriformes/Titanosauria, and non-avian Theropoda. Among the discoveries from the Dakhla Oasis are the proximal ends of an associated sauropod tibia and fibula and several sauropod caudal vertebrae representing both sub-adult and adult individuals. Middle caudal vertebrae can be referred to Titanosauria on the basis of procoelous centra and anteriorly displaced neural arches. One caudal vertebra even exhibits pneumatic internal structures rarely observed outside of the Upper Cretaceous South American saltasaurines. Dinosaur fossils recovered from the Kharga Oasis include a partial femur and partial cervical vertebra of a sauropod dinosaur and an isolated proximal fibula of a non-avian theropod dinosaur. Taken together, these findings indicate that Late Cretaceous North African ecosystems supported a diversity of non-avian dinosaurs, some demonstrating affinities with South American forms and others (e.g., Mansourasaurus) with Eurasian groups. Additional exploration of the uppermost Cretaceous units in southern Egypt offers promise for the discovery of important fossils to better characterize Afro-Arabian biotas generally while also providing important perspectives on non-avian dinosaur faunas near the close of the Mesozoic Era. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.