Polymer-based cadmium(II)-selective potentiometric sensors for the analysis of Cd²⁺ in different environmental samples

Ion-selective electrodes or sensors are preferred by researchers in the determination of various ions since they provide very high selectivity and wide concentration range in environmental, industrial, clinical, agricultural, medicinal and routine laboratory analyses. Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, poses a significant risk to humans and animals due to its wide use in the industry. Today, many analytical methods have been proposed for the determination of cadmium ions in various samples and their working conditions have been determined. One of these methods is potentiometric ion-selective electrodes, which have certain advantages over alternative methods in terms of multiple parameters. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the available cadmium(II)-selective polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors and their applications on different environmental samples.