Abdominal Imaging in Small Ruminants: Liver, Spleen, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Lymph Nodes

urinary, reproductive, and gastrointestinal tracts. Abdominal imaging is often an essential procedure in the clinical decision-making process because it can be challenging to definitively relate abdominal disease to a specific organ or organ system from history and physical examination alone. Furthermore, small ruminants are becoming popular pets. This has resulted in more small ruminants undergoing abdominal imaging, and more advanced techniques such as computed tomography (CT) being used more frequently for comprehensive evaluation. Clinical evaluation of the small ruminant abdomen can be challenging because palpation can be limited by their size and rumen content and is frequently confined to the caudal abdomen. The use of plain radiography, contrast radiography, ultrasound, or combinations have been reported for evaluation of suspected reproductive,