Quantitative Method for Assessing the Role of Lysine & Arginine Post-Translational Modifications in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Proteoforms containing post-translational modifications (PTMs) represent a degree of functional diversity only harnessed through analytically precise simultaneous quantification of multiple PTMs. Here we present a method to accurately differentiate an unmodified peptide from its PTM-containing counterpart through data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry, leveraging small precursor mass windows to physically separate modified peptidoforms from each other during MS2 acquisition. We utilize a lysine and arginine PTM-enriched peptide assay library and site localization algorithm to simultaneously localize and quantify seven PTMs including mono-, di-, and tri-methylation, acetylation, and succinylation in addition to total protein quantification in a single MS run without the need to enrich experimental samples. To evaluate biological relevance, this method was applied to liver lysate from differentially methylated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse models. We report altered methylation and acetylation together with total protein changes drive the novel hypothesis of a regulatory function of PTMs in protein synthesis and mRNA stability in NASH. Graphical Abstract