Potential Drift of Pollen of Cycas micronesica on the Island of Guam: A Comparative Study

We have investigated the potential movement on air currents of pollen from Guam's native cycad, Cycas micronesica, proposed as ambophilic. We measured wind velocities and directions in different cycad habitats that vary in their exposure to trade winds, determined pollen settling velocities, and then modeled the potential horizontal pollen drift distance in each habitat. Similar measurements were performed on several entomophilous Zamia cycads and six zoophilous tropical trees used in horticulture or landscaping. All cycad species' pollen exhibited relatively slow mean settling velocities (0.73-1.29 cm.s(-1)) with C. micronesica pollen in the middle of this range. Our models predicted that wind in more open habitats with wind directions east northeast (ENE) to northeast (NE) and velocities >2 m.s(-1) could transport C. micronesica pollen, either single grains or clumps, hundreds of meters downwind from the pollen source before falling 1 or 2 m. In forested habitats and at typical heights of cycad cones in the understory, the mean wind velocities ranged from <0.03 m.s(-1) to m.s(-1). In habitats with mean winds 1:1.2 models predicted pollen transport distances of tens of meters from the pollen source. In sheltered habitats with velocities near 0.03 m.s(-1), the potential wind transport of pollen was limited to less than a few meters, suggesting that wind would be an ineffective vector in such areas. Pollen grains of all angiosperm species were larger except one, and the species with larger grains had settling velocities 3-26 times faster than that of cycad pollens. Even so, winds in most Guam environments could transport pollen of most angiosperm species over 50 m before falling 1 m. In summary, the results suggested that pollen size, clumping tendencies, and drift of most of these species do not preclude a role for wind in moving pollen in habitats exposed to trade winds, and that other physical and plant characteristics affect their pollination mode. For C. micronesica, these pollen and plant attributes do not preclude entomophily, and insects are likely required in the deep understory where cycads are present.