Probing the Solar Meridional Circulation Using Fourier Legendre Decomposition (vol 911, 54, 2021)

We apply the helioseismic methodology of Fourier Legendre decomposition to 88 months of Dopplergrams obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) as the basis of inferring the depth variation of the mean meridional flow, as averaged between 20 degrees and 60 degrees latitude and in time, in both the northern and southern hemispheres. We develop and apply control procedures designed to assess and remove center-to-limb artifacts using measurements obtained by performing the analysis with respect to artificial poles at the east and west limbs. Forward modeling is carried out using sensitivity functions proportional to the mode kinetic energy density to evaluate the consistency of the corrected frequency shifts with models of the depth variation of the meridional circulation in the top half of the convection zone. The results, taken at face value, imply substantial differences between the meridional circulation in the northern and southern hemispheres. The inferred presence of a return (equatorward propagating) flow at a depth of approximately 40 Mm below the photosphere in the northern hemisphere is surprising and appears to be inconsistent with many other helioseismic analyses. This discrepancy may be the result of the inadequacy of our methodology to remove systematic errors in HMI data. Our results appear to be at least qualitatively similar to those by Gizon et al., which point to an anomaly in HMI data that is not present in MDI or GONG data.