Pulmonary Angiosarcoma Presenting With Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage: A Case Report

This study aimed to analyze the diagnosis and treatment of one case of pulmonary angiosarcoma (PPA) retrospectively. The main manifestation of this female patient was cough, hemoptysis and dyspnea. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed multiple small nodules and ground-glass patches in both lungs suggesting of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Laboratory examination revealed decreased hemoglobin and platelet counting, normal coagulation function. Results of rheumatic markers testing including antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-extractable nuclear antigen antibody (ENA), vasculitis marker, and antiphospholipid antibody were negative. Tumor markers were negative. Sputum smear, sputum culture, and alveolar lavage fluid culture showed negative results. The bone marrow smear was essentially normal. The patient received methylprednisolone pulse therapy (250 mg daily x 5 days) and immunoglobin (20 d daily x 7 days) treatment, but her hemoptysis persisted. Bilateral pleural effusion drainage found a large amount of bloody effusion, but cytology of the pleural fluid showed negative results. The clinical symptoms, laboratory results, imaging findings, and pathological features of the patient were summarized, and problems in diagnosis and treatment were discussed. A thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of PPA was confirmed by pathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. This case suggested that the possibility of PPA should be considered in patients with DAH, but with negative findings in routine examinations, lung biopsy is usually required.