Development of a Combination Fermentation Strategy to Simultaneously Increase Biomass and Enzyme Activity of d -amino Acid Oxidase Expressed in Escherichia coli

d -amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is widely used in the industrial preparation of l -amino acids, and cultivating Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) expressing DAAO for the biosynthesis of l -phosphinothricin ( l -PPT) is very attractive. At present, the biomass production of DAAO by fermentation is still limited in large-scale industrial applications because the expression of DAAO during the fermentation process inhibits the growth of host cells, which limits higher cell density. In this study, the factors that inhibit the growth of bacterial cells during a 5-L fed-batch fermentation process were explored, and the fermentation process was optimized by co-expressing catalase (CAT), by balancing the biomass and the enzyme activity, and by adding exogenous d -alanine ( d -Ala) to relieve the limitation of DAAO on the cells and optimize fermentation. Under optimal conditions, the DO-STAT feeding mode with DO controlled at 30% ± 5% and the addition of 27.5 g/L lactose mixed with 2 g/L d -Ala during induction at 28 °C resulted in the production of 26.03 g dry cell weight (DCW)/L biomass and 390.0 U/g DCW specific activity of DAAO; an increase of 78% and 84%, respectively, compared with the initial fermentation conditions. The fermentation strategy was successfully scale-up to a 5000-L fermenter.