Impacts to Dine activities with the San Juan River after the Gold King Mine Spill

Background On August 5th, 2015, 3 million gallons of acid mine drainage was accidentally discharged from the Gold King Mine near Silverton, Colorado into Cement Creek which is a tributary to the Animas and San Juan Rivers. The government-initiated risk assessment only assessed a recreational scenario (i.e. hiker drinking from the river), failing to recognize the deep connection of the Dine (Navajo) with the San Juan River. Methods Utilizing a mixed-methods approach we determined the impacts of the 2015 Gold King Mine Spill (GKMS or Spill) on Dine activities. We developed a questionnaire to collect pre- and post-GKMS Dine activity frequency and duration. Navajo Nation Community Health Representatives administered the questionnaire to 63 Dine adults and 27 children living in three Navajo communities along the River. Results Through analysis of the focus group transcripts we identified 43 unique activities between the Dine and San Juan River. There were significant reductions in the total number, frequency, and duration of livelihood, dietary, recreational, cultural/spiritual and arts and craft activities. On average, Dine activities with the San Juan River following the GKMS decreased by 56.2%. Significance The significant reduction in activities following the GKMS may lead to long-term trauma, impacting the ability of the Dine to pass down teachings to their children affecting future generations to come. The 43 distinct activities between the Dine and the San Juan River highlight the importance for scientists and disaster responders to consider cultural and spiritual impacts when responding to environmental disasters and conducting risk assessments among Indigenous communities.