Sensor based in-operando lithium-ion battery monitoring in dynamic service environment

In this work, a dynamic testing platform to analyze lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance degradation and safety during in-service vibration and impacts is presented. The LIBs are cycled until end of life (EOL) under various dynamic conditions, providing in-operando battery performance examination. A sensor network constructed consisting of a resistance temperature detector (RTD), an accelerometer, an eddy current sensor and a shunt resistor is incorporated into the setup. Mechanisms of LIB capacity fade, temperature rise, and deformation from cycling in representative dynamic environments are analyzed and compared with results from theoretical analyses as well as with electrode structure evaluation. The sensor network identifies critical periods with high heat generation and stress accumulation rates. By comparing single cell and battery pack performances, complex effects of examined boundary conditions on LIB heat generation are analyzed. Using the sensor network, an approach to identify critical cell(s) with the highest risk of safety hazards without the need for electrochemical modeling is presented. Raman spectroscopy analyses, SEM imaging, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses are also applied to support the observations.