Reflection literacy: A multilevel perspective on the challenges of using reflections in higher education through a comprehensive literature review

It is well established that the use of reflections influences and supports learning in important ways. However, student-learning, teacher-pedagogical, institutional, and sociocultural factors can hinder initiatives to promote student reflection in universities. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the challenges of encouraging reflection in higher education through a multilevel perspective. Based on the analysis of 66 selected empirical and non-empirical articles, the results show that there is a reciprocal relationship between barriers that occur at the macro and micro levels. In addition, it is found that reflection literacy is necessary at all four levels to overcome the barriers identified. The multilevel framework is proposed as a model for coordinating institutional efforts to address the challenges of reflection and upon which a shared discourse can be developed by key stakeholders who are interested in promoting reflective practice in higher education.