Hot-Melt Adhesives: Fundamentals, Formulations, and Applications: A Critical Review

Hot-Melt Adhesives (HMAs) are typically used in applications where instant sealing is critically required. HMAs are generally preferred for those applications where processing speed is critical. These materials are widely used in various engineering applications, mainly as sealants in leakages and crack filling of walls and roofs. The industrial use of HMAs is most common in glassware and automobiles for gluing glasses in buildings and bonding heavy motor parts. The formulation of HMAs contains a polymer of suitable nature that makes the base for a strong adhesive, and waxes are added to increase the settling time of adhesive. The tackifiers are used to dilute the polymer to adjust the Glass Transition Temperature (T-g) and to reduce the viscosity for proper flow of hot-melt. This review intends to comprehensively discuss the preparation and formulations of HMAs using various polymer matrices, along with their applications and mechanics. The designing of green HMAs has been discussed in the literature and have been promoted over conventional solvent-based HMAs due to their functionality without Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Various measures, challenges, and resolutions for making hazard-free HMAs have been discussed in the present review.