Carboniferous and Cretaceous mafic–ultramafic massifs in Inner Mongolia (China): A SHRIMP zircon and geochemical study of the previously presumed integral “Hegenshan ophiolite”

We present SHRIMP zircon ages and whole-rock geochemical data to identify mafic–ultramafic massifs of early Carboniferous and early Cretaceous ages from northern Inner Mongolia, China. The early Carboniferous massifs (Chongenshan–Xiaobaliang–Wusnihei) comprise predominantly lherzolite and minor gabbroic rocks. Zircons from a microgabbro (εNd (t)=9.8) and a plagiogranite (εNd (t)=9) yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 354±7Ma and 333±4Ma, that we interpret as reflecting the time of zircon (and magma) crystallization. A volcanic breccia resting unconformably on the ultramafic rocks (serpentinites) has an eruption age of 300±2Ma and provides a younger minimum time limit for the emplacement of the early Carboniferous mafic–ultramafic massifs. In contrast, the early Cretaceous mafic–ultramafic massifs (Hegenshan–Chaogenshan) consist predominantly of harzburgite. A pegmatoid gabbro and a rodingite (εNd (t)=10.6) from the Hegenshan massif have magmatic zircon ages of 139±2Ma and 132±7Ma respectively. The Chaogenshan massif is concentrically zoned with an ultramafic core (dominantly harzburgite–dunite+subordinate lherzolite) surrounded by gabbro (with minor hornblendite) and an outermost volcano-sedimentary sequence (metabasaltic flows+metapelites). We dated zircons from a leuocogabbro (125±2Ma; εNd (t)=10.6), a coarse-grained gabbro (142±4Ma), and a metabasalt (134±2Ma). Zircon xenocrysts (ca. 152–492Ma) are ubiquitous in these and other associated rocks (a coarse-grained gabbro and a diabase), as in the Hegenshan rocks (ca. 152–468Ma). The youngest detrital zircon in outer zone garnet schist (i.e. metapelite) has an age of 132±2Ma. Accordingly, we conclude that the northern Inner Mongolia lherzolite-dominant and harzburgite-dominant massifs are temporally and genetically unrelated. Their emplacement is attributed to asthenospheric upwelling and consequent lithospheric extension during periods of orogenic quiescence in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.