Mourning Imam Husayn in Karbala and Kabul: The political meanings of (c)Ashura in Afghanistan

This article explores Afghan Twelver Shi(c)i commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn at the Battle of Karbala. It shows how the rites of remembrance and mourning celebrated on (c)Ashura in Afghanistan has evolved in important ways from the late nineteenth century to the recent past. More than a pivotal event in the ritual calendar of Shi(c)ism, (c)Ashura has served as an index of Afghan politics-and a field of contestation among state officials, clerical authorities, and the Shi(c)i faithful. It has thus been at the center of struggles over the identity of the Afghan nation, the status of the Shia, and ritual practices in public life. Drawing on representations of (c)Ashura produced by government authorities, state media, clerics, and lay people, this article examines how different actors have competed to give (c)Ashura meaning and to develop distinctively Afghan forms of commemoration.