Highly explosive basaltic eruptions driven by CO 2 exsolution

The most explosive basaltic scoria cone eruption yet documented (>20 km high plumes) occurred at Sunset Crater (Arizona) ca. 1085 AD by undetermined eruptive mechanisms. We present melt inclusion analysis, including bubble contents by Raman spectroscopy, yielding high total CO 2 (approaching 6000 ppm) and S (~2000 ppm) with moderate H 2 O (~1.25 wt%). Two groups of melt inclusions are evident, classified by bubble vol%. Modeling of post-entrapment modification indicates that the group with larger bubbles formed as a result of heterogeneous entrapment of melt and exsolved CO 2 and provides evidence for an exsolved CO 2 phase at magma storage depths of ~15 km. We argue that this exsolved CO 2 phase played a critical role in driving this explosive eruption, possibly analogous to H 2 O exsolution driving silicic caldera-forming eruptions. Because of their distinct gas compositions relative to silicic magmas (high S and CO 2 ), even modest volume explosive basaltic eruptions could impact the atmosphere.