The design of a resilient and sustainable maximal covering closed-loop supply chain network under hybrid uncertainties: a case study in tire industry

This paper aims at designing a sustainable and resilient tire closed-loop supply chain network based on a real case study in Iran. To immune the network against disruptions, a new resiliency approach is proposed by extending efficient demand coverage plans. The developed model includes four objectives. The first objective minimizes the total costs of the network along with maximizing the coverage of customers’ demand. As a new concept, the second objective maximizes the operational reliability of facilities to extend a consistent and responsive tire supply chain. Also, to design a sustainable network, the third objective function minimizes CO2 emissions in the strategic and tactical planning horizons. Moreover, the fourth objective maximizes the social responsibility of the network via introducing new social factors. A new mixed fuzzy possibilistic flexible programming method is also proposed to handle constraints’ violations and parameters’ uncertainty. Outputs confirm the accurate performance of the extended model and ensure its applicability in the real-world case study.