Measuring fracture flow changes in a bedrock aquifer due to open hole and pumped conditions using Active Distributed Temperature Sensing

Efficiently measuring groundwater flow in bedrock aquifers is inherently challenging due to the irregular distribution and fine scale of fractures. Recent advances in Active Distributed Temperature Sensing (A-DTS) in boreholes temporarily sealed with liners have made it possible to quantify flow rates in such aquifers at many different depths using heat as a tracer, but until now only data collected under a single hydraulic condition have been published. This paper presents the first field data from multiple A-DTS field tests conducted under different hydraulic conditions to quantify groundwater flow redistribution within a bedrock aquifer. Three separate quasi steady state A-DTS tests were collected in a sealed borehole: (1) natural gradient condition where all boreholes were sealed with flexible and impermeable liners, (2) cross-connected condition where a nearby borehole was open allowing vertical flow within the borehole, and (3) forced gradient condition where the nearby open borehole was pumped at a constant rate of 54 L/min. The depth-discrete hydraulic head responses were also measured during the three tests using a string of transducers in a sealed borehole. Results provide quantifiable insights as to how the bedrock aquifer responds, including A-DTS-derived measurements of flow changes in fractures at multiple depths driven by changes in gradients. The results confirm that a single open borehole or long-screened well can significantly alter the site hydraulics and demonstrate that not all large or transmissive fractures show evidence of active flow and thus, transmissivity and aperture should not be used alone to infer active flow zones.