Synthesis And Toxicity Profile In 293 Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Of The Beta D-Glucuronide Derivatives Of Ortho-, Meta- And Para-Cresol

The formation of beta-glucuronides is a major route by which mammals detoxify and remove breakdown products, such as L-tyrosine, as well as many xenobiotics, from their systems. In humans, dietary L-tyrosine is broken down largely by the action of the anaerobic gut bacterium C. difficile to p-cresol, providing a competitive advantage in the gut microbiota. Ortho- (o-) and meta- (m-), cresols, also present in the environment, may share a common degradative pathway. Relatively little work has been done on cresyl glucuronides. Here, a direct synthesis of o-, m-, and p-cresyl beta-D-glucuronides from methyl 1,2,3,4 tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucuronate and the respective cresol employing trimethylsilyltriflate as promoter is presented. The protected intermediates were hydrolysed using aqueous sodium carbonate to yield the cresyl beta-glucuronides. The toxicities of the o-, m- and p-cresyl beta-D-glucuronides were compared. All three were less toxic to HEK293 cells than their respective cresol precursors: toxicity followed the order o < m < p for Na+ salts and o < p < m for Ca2+ salts. The m-cresyl-glucuronide Ca2+ salt and p-cresyl-glucuronide Na+ salt reduced colony formation by 11% and 9% (v. 30% reduction from the aglycone) respectively, whereas o-cresyl-glucuronide (both Na+ and Ca2+ salts), mildly stimulated HEK293 cell growth.