Setting, sulfur isotope variations, and metamorphism of Jurassic massive Zn-Pb-Ag sulfide mineralization associated with arc-type volcanism (Skra, Vardar zone, Northern Greece)

Massive Zn-Pb-Ag sulfide mineralization appears conformable with felsic volcanism, developed in an Upper Jurassic volcanic arc to the Southwest (SW) of the Serbo-Macedonian continent in Northern Greece. The host volcanic sequence of the mineralization comprises mylonitized rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lavas, pyroclastics, quartz-feldspar porphyries, and cherty tuffs. A "white mica-quartz-pyrite" mineral assemblage characterizes the volcanic rocks in the footwall and hanging-wall of massive sulfide ore layers, formed as a result of greenschist-grade regional metamorphism on "clay-quartz-pyrite" hydrothermal alteration haloes. Massive ore lenses are usually underlain by deformed Cu-pyrite and quartz-pyrite stockworks. Most of the sulfide ore bodies have proximal-type features. Ductile deformation and regional metamorphism have transformed many of the stockwork structures. The mineralization is characterized by high Zn, Pb, and Ag contents, while Cu and critical metals are low. Primary depositional textures, for example, layering, clastic pyrite, colloform, and atoll textures were identified. The overall textural features of the mineralization indicate it has undergone mechanical deformation. The most prominent features of the effects of metamorphism, folding and shearing, are modification of the ore body morphology toward flattened and boudinage structures and transformation of the ore textures toward the dominance of planar fabrics. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides along with textural observations are consistent with a dual source of sulfide sulfur. Sulfur isotope values for sphalerite, non-colloform pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite fall in a limited range from -1.6 to +4.8 parts per thousand (mean delta S-34 + 2 parts per thousand), indicating a hydrothermal source derived from the reduction of coeval seawater sulfate in the convective system. Pyrites with colloform and atoll textures are characterized by a(34)S depletion, indicating a bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulfate. The morphology of ore beds, the mineralogy, sulfide textures, and ore chemistry along with the petrology and tectonic setting of the host rocks can be attributed to typical of a bimodal-felsic metallogenesis. Although similar in many respects to classic Kuroko-type volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization, it has some atypical features, like the absence of barite ore, which is possibly a result of significant temporal depletion in sulfate due to bacterial reduction, a conclusion supported by the widespread occurrence of colloidal and atoll textures of pyrite.