Characteristics and emplacement mechanisms of the Coranzuli ignimbrites (Central Andes)

We present a detailed stratigraphy of the Coranzulí caldera-forming deposits. This caldera, located in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (Central Andes), generated four ignimbrite deposits with similar field characteristics and facies that differ from each other in, above all, the nature of the lithic fragments they contain. Three different lithofacies (fine-grained cross-stratified facies, massive lithic breccia facies and massive ignimbrite facies) are found in all the ignimbrite deposits, which occasionally also contain a lenticular lithic-rich facies and/or a pumice-rich facies. These field characteristics and, in particular, local deposit thicknesses were used to develop a theoretical model of the dynamics and emplacement mode of the Coranzulí pyroclastic flows. Our results show that these ignimbrites were emplaced by dense pyroclastic density currents subjected to high accumulation rates and velocities, thereby indicating rapid en masse emplacement that was also influenced by local paleotopography as deduced from facies analysis.