Key recent advances in TB vaccine development and understanding of protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

•Highly efficacious TB vaccines would make a crucial impact in epidemic control.•Elucidating mycobacteria-induced immune responses is expanding our understanding of vaccine-induced protection.•Rigorous BCG revaccination trials are providing novel insights into TB vaccinology.•A novel vaccine’s efficacy has launched TB vaccinology into the next wave of trials.•Effort to identify nonhuman primate and human correlates of protection is advancing.