Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) of Human Kidney Allografts

Objective: Aim of our study was to test a noninvasive HSI technique as an intraoperative real time assessment tool for deceased donor kidney quality and function in human kidney allotransplantation. Summary of Background Data: HSI is capable to deliver quantitative diagnostic information about tissue pathology, morphology, and composition, based on the spectral characteristics of the investigated tissue. Because tools for objective intraoperative graft viability and performance assessment are lacking, we applied this novel technique to human kidney transplantation. Methods: Hyperspectral images of distinct components of kidney allografts (parenchyma, ureter) were acquired 15 and 45 minutes after reperfusion and subsequently analyzed using specialized HSI acquisition software capable to compute oxygen saturation levels (StO(2)), near infrared perfusion indices (NIR), organ hemoglobin indices, and tissue water indices of explored tissues. Results: Seventeen kidney transplants were analyzed. Median recipient and donor age were 55 years. Cold ischemia time was 10.8 +/- 4.1 hours and anastomosis time was 35 +/- 7 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation). Two patients (11.8%) developed delayed graft function (DGF). cold ischemia time was significantly longer (18.6 +/- 1.6) in patients with DGF (P < 0.01). Kidneys with DGF furthermore displayed significant lower StO(2) (P = 0.02) and NIR perfusion indices, 15 minutes after reperfusion (P < 0.01). Transplant ureters displayed a significant decrease of NIR perfusion with increased distance to the renal pelvis, identifying well and poor perfused segments. Conclusion: Intraoperative HSI is feasible and meaningful to predict DGF in renal allografts. Furthermore, it can be utilized for image guided surgery, providing information about tissue oxygenation, perfusion, hemoglobin concentration, and water concentration, hence allowing intraoperative viability assessment of the kidney parenchyma and the ureter.