Design, Upgrade And Characterization Of The Silicon Photomultiplier Front-End For The Amiga Detector At The Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration,A. Aab, P. Abreu,M. Aglietta,J. M. Albury,I. Allekotte,A. Almela,J. Alvarez-Muñiz,R. Alves Batista,G. A. Anastasi,L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada,S. Andringa,C. Aramo, P. R. Araújo Ferreira,H. Asorey,P. Assis,G. Avila,A. M. Badescu,A. Bakalova, A. Balaceanu,F. Barbato,R. J. Barreira Luz,K. H. Becker,J. A. Bellido, C. Berat,M. E. Bertaina,X. Bertou,P. L. Biermann,T. Bister,J. Biteau,J. Blazek,C. Bleve,M. Boháčová,D. Boncioli,C. Bonifazi,L. Bonneau Arbeletche,N. Borodai,A. M. Botti,J. Brack,T. Bretz,F. L. Briechle,P. Buchholz,A. Bueno,S. Buitink,M. Buscemi,K. S. Caballero-Mora,L. Caccianiga,F. Canfora,I. Caracas,J. M. Carceller,R. Caruso,A. Castellina,F. Catalani,G. Cataldi,L. Cazon,M. Cerda,J. A. Chinellato,K. Choi,J. Chudoba,L. Chytka,R. W. Clay,A. C. Cobos Cerutti,R. Colalillo,A. Coleman,M. R. Coluccia,R. Conceição,A. Condorelli,G. Consolati, F. Contreras,F. Convenga,C. E. Covault,S. Dasso,K. Daumiller,B. R. Dawson,J. A. Day,R. M. de Almeida, J. de Jesús, S. J. de Jong,G. De Mauro,J. R. T. de Mello Neto,I. De Mitri,J. de Oliveira,D. de Oliveira Franco,V. de Souza,E. De Vito,J. Debatin,M. del Río,O. Deligny,A. Di Matteo,C. Dobrigkeit,J. C. D'Olivo,R. C. dos Anjos,M. T. Dova,J. Ebr,R. Engel,I. Epicoco,M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar,A. Etchegoyen,H. Falcke,J. Farmer,G. Farrar,A. C. Fauth,N. Fazzini,F. Feldbusch,F. Fenu,B. Fick,J. M. Figueira, A. Filipčič,T. Fodran,M. M. Freire,T. Fujii,A. Fuster,C. Galea, C. Galelli,B. García,A. L. Garcia Vegas,H. Gemmeke,F. Gesualdi,A. Gherghel-Lascu,P. L. Ghia,U. Giaccari,M. Giammarchi,M. Giller,J. Glombitza,F. Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup, M. Gómez Berisso,P. F. Gómez Vitale,J. P. Gongora,J. M. González,N. González,I. Goos,D. Góra,A. Gorgi,M. Gottowik,T. D. Grubb,F. Guarino,G. P. Guedes,E. Guido,S. Hahn,M. R. Hampel,P. Hansen,D. Harari,V. M. Harvey,A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker,D. Heck,G. C. Hill,C. Hojvat,J. R. Hörandel,P. Horvath,M. Hrabovský,T. Huege,J. Hulsman,A. Insolia,P. G. Isar,J. A. Johnsen,J. Jurysek, A. Kääpä,K. H. Kampert,B. Keilhauer,J. Kemp,H. O. Klages,M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller,M. Köpke,B. L. Lago,R. G. Lang, N. Langner,M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, V. Lenok,A. Letessier-Selvon,I. Lhenry-Yvon,D. Lo Presti,L. Lopes,R. López,Q. Luce,A. Lucero,J. P. Lundquist,A. Machado Payeras,G. Mancarella,D. Mandat,B. C. Manning,J. Manshanden,P. Mantsch, S. Marafico,A. G. Mariazzi,I. C. Mariş,G. Marsella,D. Martello,H. Martinez,O. Martínez Bravo, M. Mastrodicasa,H. J. Mathes,J. Matthews,G. Matthiae,E. Mayotte,P. O. Mazur,G. Medina-Tanco,D. Melo,A. Menshikov,K. -D. Merenda,S. Michal,M. I. Micheletti,L. Miramonti,S. Mollerach,F. Montanet,C. Morello,M. Mostafá,A. L. Müller,M. A. Muller,K. Mulrey,R. Mussa,M. Muzio,W. M. Namasaka,L. Nellen, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu,M. Niechciol,D. Nitz,D. Nosek,V. Novotny,L. Nožka,A Nucita,L. A. Núñez,M. Palatka,J. Pallotta, P. Papenbreer,G. Parente,A. Parra,M. Pech,F. Pedreira,J. Pękala,R. Pelayo,J. Peña-Rodriguez,J. Perez Armand, M. Perlin,L. Perrone,S. Petrera,T. Pierog,M. Pimenta,V. Pirronello,M. Platino,B. Pont,M. Pothast,P. Privitera,M. Prouza,A. Puyleart,S. Querchfeld,J. Rautenberg,D. Ravignani,M. Reininghaus,J. Ridky,F. Riehn,M. Risse,P. Ristori,V. Rizi,W. Rodrigues de Carvalho,J. Rodriguez Rojo,M. J. Roncoroni,M. Roth,E. Roulet,A. C. Rovero,P. Ruehl,S. J. Saffi,A. Saftoiu,F. Salamida,H. Salazar,G. Salina,J. D. Sanabria Gomez,F. Sánchez,E. M. Santos,E. Santos,F. Sarazin,R. Sarmento,C. Sarmiento-Cano,R. Sato,P. Savina,C. M. Schäfer,V. Scherini,H. Schieler,M. Schimassek,M. Schimp,F. Schlüter,D. Schmidt,O. Scholten,P. Schovánek,F. G. Schröder,S. Schröder,J. Schulte,S. J. Sciutto,M. Scornavacche,R. C. Shellard,G. Sigl, G. Silli,O. Sima,R. Šmída,P. Sommers,J. F. Soriano, J. Souchard,R. Squartini,M. Stadelmaier,D. Stanca,S. Stanič,J. Stasielak, P. Stassi, A. Streich,M. Suárez-Durán, T. Sudholz,T. Suomijärvi,A. D. Supanitsky, J. Šupík,Z. Szadkowski,A. Taboada,A. Tapia,C. Timmermans,O. Tkachenko,P. Tobiska,C. J. Todero Peixoto,B. Tomé,A. Travaini,P. Travnicek, C. Trimarelli,M. Trini,M. Tueros, R. Ulrich,M. Unger,L. Vaclavek,M. Vacula,J. F. Valdés Galicia,L. Valore,E. Varela, V. Varma K. C.,A. Vásquez-Ramírez,D. Veberič,C. Ventura,I. D. Vergara Quispe,V. Verzi,J. Vicha,J. Vink,S. Vorobiov,H. Wahlberg,A. A. Watson,M. Weber,A. Weindl,L. Wiencke,H. Wilczyński,T. Winchen,M. Wirtz, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler,A. Yushkov, O. Zapparrata,E. Zas,D. Zavrtanik,M. Zavrtanik, L. Zehrer,A. Zepeda

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION(2021)

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Abstract
AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m(2) detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m(2). Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
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Key words
Front-end electronics for detector readout, Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods, Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc)
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