Phylogeography of Asian sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) based on analysis of mtDNA control region polymorphism

Analysis of the contemporary geographic distributions of mtDNA haplotypic diversity of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerkaWalbaum) on the Asian part of its range and consideration of possible scenarios for microevolution of the species were performed. In total, 172 specimens of sockeye salmon from different rivers of Kamchatka, Chukotka, north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, and from the Kuril Islands were analyzed using the entire mtDNA control region (1,010 bp) sequencing. After multiple alignments of the sequences 16 polymorphic sites were identified. Most of substitutions were detected in the first and the last thirds of the D-loop sequence, as well as one insertion was registered in the poly-T region. Two mass haplotypes (Hap_1_10T and Hap_2_13T) were revealed; they were present in most samples and differed by three substitutions and two indels. All the sequence variants were distributed among two haplogroups in compliance with the mass haplotypes. The star-shaped topology of the MST-tree points to a rapid increase in the diversity of groups, indicating a rapid expansion of the species after its number reducing in the past. The diversity of the first haplogroup was higher, but its main fraction fell on the samples from the middle reach of Kamchatka River, which seems to be a refugium during the Late Pleistocene glaciation. Presence of both haplogroups in most populations in approximately equal proportions indicates that the entire Asian part of the sockeye salmon range is a zone of secondary contact. We hypothesize that Hap_2_13T had more ancient origin and the Hap_1_10T was formed somewhat later, apparently in Asia, because almost all transitional forms between the haplogroups were found in Iturup Island populations.