The Influence of Three-Dimensionally Printed Aortic Models on the Evolution of Physician-Modified Stent Grafts for the Urgent Treatment of Thoracoabdominal and Juxtarenal Aortic Diseases

The objective was to describe the outcomes of high-risk patients with anatomy unsuitable for commercially available stent grafts who underwent fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair of symptomatic or contained rupture of pararenal aneurysms (PRAs) or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) using physician-modified stent grafts (PMSGs) planned on both three-dimensional (3D) image analysis software and 3D printed aortic models (3DAMs).