Guest-oriented non-fullerene acceptors for ternary organic solar cells with over 16.0% and 22.7% efficiencies under one-sun and indoor light

Given that the ring-fusion strategy can effectively tail the electrical, optical, and structural properties of π-conjugated materials, we have herein developed Y-series non-fullerene acceptors with a dual acceptor–donor–dual acceptor-type structure, bearing non-fused bare bithiophene (Y–Th2), hexagonal ring-fused bithiophene (Y-BDT), or pentagonal ring-fused bithiophene (Y-CDT) central donor units. Several characterization techniques were applied to perform a comparative investigation of their optical and physical properties and frontier energy levels with respect to the different ring-fusion of the central units. Moreover, for the cascade energy level alignment, the synthesized acceptors were employed as a third component in the PM6:Y6 that served as a binary host platform. The introduction of the optimal amount of Y–Th2 or Y-BDT into the host system improved the device performance. Specifically, Y–Th2 exhibited the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) (16.01%) along with improved photovoltaic parameters, whereas the addition of Y-CDT impaired the PCE. Moreover, the optimized Y–Th2-based ternary organic solar cell achieved a PCE of 22.72% under indoor illumination at 1000 lux. Thus, the in-depth structural, morphological, and electrical analyses not only established a structure–property correlation, but also provided better design criteria for the guest-oriented non-fullerene acceptors for ternary photovoltaic applications, especially for Y6-containing systems.