Spatio-temporal variations of hydrochemistry and modern sedimentation processes in the Nam Co basin, Tibetan Plateau: Implications for carbonate precipitation

Lake monitoring studies are essential for understanding the modern biogeochemical and sedimentological cycles to enable and support the interpretation of paleolimnological records. However, such studies remain scarce for high-altitude lakes in general and specifically for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. We investigated the hydro-chemical and physical properties of lake Nam Co and its twenty-one major inflowing rivers from 2011 to 2013. The modern sediment flux and sediment properties were determined for samples collected by sediment traps deployed for the same study period at different water depths at three sites in Nam Co. Carbonate weathering in the catchment, especially pronounced during the monsoon season, was identified as the predominant origin of dissolved riverine hydrochemical components. The sediment budget shows remarkable temporal variation, with trends of intensified sediment fluxes during the non-monsoon season and small variations within the monsoon season. Spatially, considerably higher sedimentation fluxes were detected in nearshore sites (T1 and T3) and attributed to wind-induced resuspension. Vertically, resuspension is also an important factor that influences the sedimentation process, which leads to an exponential increase of the budget from the surface to the bottom layer. Autochthonous carbonate deposition rates presented a similar seasonal pattern, with the total sedimentation rates under the influence of the water balance. Low values occurred during the monsoon season due to dilution while deposition rapidly increased during the early post-monsoon season when the lake level decreased. Intensive carbonate deposition also occurred during the non-monsoon season, which dominated the lake hydrochemistry dynamics.