Stem lodging resistance in hulless barley: Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of lignin biosynthesis pathways in contrasting genotypes.

Hulless barley is an important economic and food crop for local population in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. However, due to extreme weather conditions, its production suffers from stem lodging stress, inflicting significant yield losses. Herein, we selected five lodging resistant and five non-resistant genotypes to investigate changes in concentration of lignin related metabolites and expression levels of related genes in node samples. The lodging resistant genotypes displayed high content of lignin intermediate metabolites. 57% of the expressed genes were differentially expressed (DEG) between the two groups. 31 DEGs participate in the lignin pathways and we found that 65% of these DEGs were strongly up-regulated in the lodging resistant group, indicating a mechanism towards high lignin synthesis within said group. The candidate structural genes as well as the co-expressed TFs identified in this study represent important molecular tools for functional characterization and exploitation in molecular breeding programmes.