Global trends of antimicrobial susceptibility to ceftaroline and ceftazidime–avibactam: a surveillance study from the ATLAS program (2012–2016)

Background This study reports the global trends of antimicrobial susceptibility to ceftaroline and ceftazidime–avibactam using data from the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) program between 2012 and 2016. Methods For the 2012–2016 ATLAS program, 205 medical centers located in Africa-Middle East (n = 12), Asia–Pacific (n = 32), Europe (n = 94), Latin America (n = 26), North America (n = 31), and Oceania (n = 10) consecutively collected the clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and in vitro susceptibilities to ceftaroline and ceftazidime–avibactam were assessed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) 2019 guidelines. Results Between 2012 and 2016, 176,345 isolates were collected from around the globe and included in the analysis. Regarding Gram-negative bacteria, ceftazidime–avibactam demonstrated high susceptibility (> 90%) against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , with increased antimicrobial activity observed from the addition of avibactam (4 mg/L) to ceftazidime. Regarding Gram-positive bacteria, ceftaroline showed > 90% susceptibility against Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , α-and β-hemolytic Streptococcus . The antimicrobial susceptibilities to ceftaroline and ceftazidime–avibactam were mostly stable from 2012 to 2016, but the susceptibilities to ceftazidime–avibactam to carbapenem-resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumonia (88.4–81.6%) and to CR- P. aeruginosa (89.6–72.7%) decreased over time. In terms of regional difference, the susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant S. aureus to ceftaroline in Asia and of CR- K. pneumonia to ceftazidime–avibactam in Asia/Africa-Middle East were lower compared with other regions, while the susceptibility of CR- P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime–avibactam in North America was higher. Conclusion The addition of avibactam improves the activity of ceftazidime against Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa . The global antimicrobial susceptibilities to ceftaroline and ceftazidime–avibactam were, in general, stable from 2012 to 2016, but a marked reduction in the susceptibilities of specific species and CR- P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime–avibactam was observed.