Comparison of the vertebrate faunas of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin with contemporary faunas in Scotland

The Lower Old Red Sandstone terranes of the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Anglo-Welsh Basin have been considered as separate realms due to the rarity of fish species common to both areas. Although in the first half of the 19th century the osteostracan Cephalaspis lyelli was thought to occur in both terranes this was shown in be incorrect in the latter part of that century. It was not until 1968 that it was demonstrated that the thelodont agnathan Turinia pagei occurred in both terranes. This species has a much wider distribution across the whole of the Old Red Sandstone continent, but its presence in both realms indicates they were connected either directly or indirectly. In 2012 it was suggested that the osteostracan Janaspis watsoni might be present in both basins and in 2013 the acanthodian Parexus recurvus was shown to definitely occur in both. Here we show that other acanthodian genera and species were present in both regions during the Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). Co-specific plants also occur in both terranes during the Lochkovian. As there is no evidence of a marine connection to the Midland Valley in the Lochkovian, the only logical conclusion is that the connection between the two terranes was fluvial.