Deep convolution neural networks based artifact suppression in under-sampled radial acquisitions of myocardial T 1 mapping images.

We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based method to remove streaking artefact from accelerated radial acquisitions of myocardial T-1-mapping images. A deep CNN based on a modified U-Net architecture was developed and trained to remove the streaking artefacts from under-sampled T-1 mapping images. A total of 2090 T-1-weighted images for 33 patients (55 +/- 15 years, 19 males) and five healthy subjects (30 +/- 14 years, 2 males) were used for training and testing the network. The images were acquired using radial slice interleaved T-1 mapping sequence (STONE) and retrospectively under-sampled to achieve acceleration rate of 4 (corresponding to 48 spokes). The dataset was split into training and testing subsets with 23 subjects (60%) and 15 subjects (40%), respectively. For generating voxel-wise T-1 maps, a two-parameter fitting model was used. Network performance was evaluated using normalized mean square error (NMSE), structural similarity index (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metrics. The proposed network allowed fast (<0.3 s/image) removal of the artefact from all T-1-weighted testing images and the corresponding T-1 maps with PSNR = 64.3 +/- 1.02, NMSE = 0.2 +/- 0.09 and SSIM = 0.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(-4). There was no statistically significant difference between the measured T-1 maps for both per-subject (reference: 1085 +/- 37 ms, CNN: 1088 +/- 37 ms, p = 0.4) and per-segment (reference: 1084 +/- 48 ms, CNN: 1083 +/- 58 ms, p = 0.9) analyses. In summary, deep CNN allows fast and reliable removal of streaking artefact from under-sampled radial T-1 mapping images. Our results show that the highly non-linear operations of deep CNN processing of T-1 mapping images do not impact accurate reconstruction of myocardial T-1 maps.