17α-ethinylestradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol concurrently disrupt the immune response of common carp

The aquatic environment is massively polluted with endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) including synthetic estrogens (e.g. 17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) and alkylphenols (e.g. 4-tert-octylphenol, 4t-OP). A major mechanism of action for estrogenic EDCs is their interaction with estrogen receptors and consequently their modulation of the action of enzymes involved in steroid conversion e.g. aromatase CYP19.