Photovoltaic devices, nanoparticles, and method for forming same

The invention discloses an optoelectronic device for eliminating limitation on photovoltaic efficiency, nanoparticles, and a method for forming the nanoparticle. The optoelectronic device comprises an first electrode for optical transmission; a first semiconductor layer directly and electrically contacting the first electrode; a second semiconductor layer directly and electrically contacting the first semiconductor layer and including nanoparticles for optical absorption, wherein each nanoparticle comprises a quantum dots core, a first shell layer and a second shell layer, the first shell layer having cations in combination with the quantum dot core, and the second shell layer having anions in combination with the cations; and a second electrode directly and electrically contacting the second semiconductor layer.