Reduced horseshoe crab abundance and feeding activity beneath intertidal oyster aquaculture structures in the Delaware Bay

Around the world, tidal flats play a unique ecological role in estuaries and are a primary feeding habitat for shorebirds and other benthic feeding organisms. Development and economic use of tidal flats can exclude species that depend on this habitat and disrupt ecological processes. In this study we examine patterns of abundance and feeding activity of American horseshoe crabs among oyster aquaculture structures on tidal flats that are adjacent to one of the most important horseshoe crab spawning sites in the world. We used custom-designed traps to sample horseshoe crab abundance beneath rack and bag aquaculture structures and adjacent areas without structures. In addition, we developed predictive spatial models representing three hypotheses regarding the movement of horseshoe crabs through aquaculture structures when transiting to and from spawning beaches. We tested the predictive power of each model using data from traps and found the strongest support for an avoidance model, where on average, horseshoe crabs are avoiding arrays of aquaculture structures when moving across inundated tidal flats. The best-supported spatial model also indicates that patterns of structure avoidance by horseshoe crabs can potentially affect abundance on spawning beaches, particularly with larger gear arrays that are closer to shore. We found additional support for aquaculture structure avoidance by examining an independent data set of horseshoe crab feeding pits on the tidal flats. Patterns of feeding pit density mirrored our trapping results, with fewer pits beneath and among aquaculture structures when compared to adjacent control areas. Horseshoe crabs are important constituents of the benthic food web and their displacement by aquaculture may translate to significant disruptions to the ecological function of tidal flats. This impact can be limited through deliberative spatial planning that seeks to balance ecological and economic management objectives. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.