Syntactic representations in the human brain: beyond effort-based metrics

We are far from having a complete mechanistic understanding of the brain computations involved in language processing and of the role that syntax plays in those computations. Most language studies do not computationally model syntactic processing, and most studies that do model syntactic processing use effort-based metrics. These metrics capture the effort needed to process the syntactic information given by every word. They can reveal in the brain syntactic processing occurs, but not features of syntax are processed by different brain areas. In this paper, we move beyond effort-based metrics and propose explicit features capturing the syntactic structure that is incrementally built while a sentence is read one word at a time. Using these features and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings of participants reading a natural text, we study the brain representation of syntax. We find that our syntactic structure-based features are better than effort-based metrics at predicting brain activity in various parts of the language system. Our results suggest that the brain represents complex syntactic information such as phrase and clause structures. We see that regions well-predicted by syntactic features are distributed in the language system and are not distinguishable from those that process semantics. Our results call for a shift in the approach used for studying syntactic processing.