Clinical features and prognosis of nocardiosis in patients with connective tissue diseases

Objectives To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of nocardiosis complicated by connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Methods We examined patients with CTDs who were diagnosed with nocardiosis from October 2004 to 2019. We retrospectively investigated patient characteristics and therapeutic outcomes. We then performed a comparison between survivors and non-survivors. Results Fourteen patients were examined. Underlying CTDs were systemic lupus erythematosus (28.6%), vasculitis syndrome (28.6%), rheumatoid arthritis (21.4%), adult Still disease (14.3%) and dermatomyositis (7.1%). Infected organs were lung (85.7%), brain (42.9%), skin/cutaneous lesions (28.6%) and muscle (7.1%). Disseminated infections were seen in nine patients (64.3%). At the onset of nocardiosis, all patients were given prednisolone (23.2 +/- 11.9 mg/day). Only two patients (14.3%) were given TMP-SMX for prophylaxis of pneumocystis pneumonia. Relapse occurred in one patient (7.1%) and four patients (28.6%) died from nocardiosis for a cumulative survival rate at 52 weeks of 76.9%. In a comparison of survivors (71.4%) and non-survivors (28.6%), cutaneous lesions were significantly more frequent in the latter (10 vs 75%,p = .04) with an odds ratio of 27.0 (95% CI: 1.7-453.4). Conclusion Cutaneous lesions as a result of dissemination might be a risk factor for nocardiosis mortality in patients with CTDs.