Analysis of muntjac deer genome and chromatin architecture reveals rapid karyotype evolution

Closely related muntjac deer show striking karyotype differences. Here we describe chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Chinese and Indian muntjacs,Muntiacus reevesi(2n = 46) andMuntiacus muntjak vaginalis(2n = 6/7), and analyze their evolution and architecture. The genomes show extensive collinearity with each other and with other deer and cattle. We identified numerous fusion events unique to and shared by muntjacs relative to the cervid ancestor, confirming many cytogenetic observations with genome sequence. One of theseM. muntjakfusions reversed an earlier fission in the cervid lineage. Comparative Hi-C analysis showed that the chromosome fusions on theM. muntjaklineage altered long-range, three-dimensional chromosome organization relative toM. reevesiin interphase nuclei including A/B compartment structure. This reshaping of multi-megabase contacts occurred without notable change in local chromatin compaction, even near fusion sites. A few genes involved in chromosome maintenance show evidence for rapid evolution, possibly associated with the dramatic changes in karyotype. Mudd et al. provide chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Chinese and Indian muntjac deer and demonstrate evidence for rapid evolution of genes involved in chromosome maintenance. Their comparative analyses generate new insights into rapid karyotype evolution.