Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Production, Health, and Social Perspectives on Fracking

A growing body of literature suggests that unconventional oil and natural gas (UOG) production-related pollution is harmful to human and environmental health. Despite evidence linking UOG methods such as hydraulic fracturing to pollution with negative health and environmental consequences, "fracking," has been increasingly used in the United States. The purpose of this study is to discuss some of the reasons why methods such as fracking continue in use even in the face of mounting evidence of the risks. We briefly outline some of the known science on the health and environmental consequences of UOG extraction and production. Then, we explore some of the barriers to preventing UOG methods such as fracking. These include: the challenge of developing more robust links between health and extraction methods such as fracking; the systematic loosening of regulations on pollution; and current legislation focused on limiting protests aimed at UOG extraction methods and how that legislation is powered by narratives centered on strategic national interest. Finally, we draw on sociological frameworks to highlight how politics, resources, power, and inequality shape the ability of some of those most affected from avoiding toxic exposure.