Training of CT-guided Periradicular Therapy in a Realistic Simulation Environment – Evaluation and Recommendations for a Training Curriculum

Rationale and Objectives: To evaluate the training of computed tomography (CT)-guided periradicular therapy in a realistic simulation environment and to derive recommendations for a training curriculum. Materials and Methods: A novel simulation environment including the use of a 3D printed, patient-mimicking phantom was used to train medical students to perform CT-guided periradicular therapy of the lumbar spine. Seventeen participants underwent three training ses-sions (day 0, day 7, and after day 28) with six procedures per session. Procedure duration and the number of fluoroscopy image acquisi-tions were recorded. Participants' performance was assessed by an independent investigator using a six-point checklist scale (0 = lowest, 6 = highest). In addition, participants self-evaluated their skills and the simulation training in questionnaires. Results: Procedure durations and image acquisitions decreased after one training session (p 0.001) without further improvement there-after (p 0.6). They also decreased within training sessions and were lowest after five procedures in all sessions. Performance scores improved after the first session to nearly perfect scores in the second session (mean 5.7; 95%CI: 5.5-6.0; p < 0.001) and decreased again in the third session (mean 4.9; 95%CI: 4.6-5.3; p = 0.008). Participants were satisfied with their training progress and felt adequately pre -pared to perform CT-guided periradicular therapies on patients after the training. Conclusion: Simulation-based training of CT-guided periradicular therapy in a realistic environment is effective and should ideally be per -formed with one training session consisting of five procedures shortly before treating the first patient.