Orally Administered Koumine Persists Longer in the Plasma of Aged Rats Than That of Adult Rats as Assessed by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Aging leads to changes in nearly all pharmacokinetic phases. Koumine (KM), an alkaloid derived from Gelsemium elegans Benth., is effective against age-associated chronic diseases, but its dose proportionality following oral administration in aged individuals remains unknown. Herein, we established and validated a simple method that requires low sample volumes to determine KM concentration in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (C-max) of 7 mg.kg(-1) KM was similar to 12-fold and similar to 24-fold higher than that of 0.28 mg.kg(-1) KM in adult and aged rats, respectively (P < 0.01). Time to reach C-max (T-max) for 7 mg.kg(-1) KM was 4-fold longer in aged rats (P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of 7 mg.kg(-1) KM was >17-fold and >43-fold higher than those of 0.28 mg.kg(-1) KM in adult and aged rats, respectively (P < 0.01). The half-life (t(1/2)) of 7 mg.kg(-1) KM was over 4-fold longer than that of 0.28 mg.kg(-1) KM in adult rats (P < 0.01). The t(1/2) of 1.4 and 7 mg.kg(-1) KM were 1.5 similar to 2-fold longer, than that of 0.28 mg.kg(-1) KM in aged rats (P < 0.05). The clearance rate of 7 mg.kg(-1) KM was significantly lower in aged than in adult rats (P < 0.05). For 7.0 mg.kg(-1) KM, the C-max in aged rats was higher than in adult rats during the T-max period (P < 0.05). In aged rats, the AUC for KM was >2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05) and the t(1/2) was >60% longer than in adult rats (P < 0.05). These results help interpret the pharmacokinetics of KM in aging-associated diseases.